In some countries, such as the UK, they are also one of the leading causes of emergency hospital admissions. Exacerbations can be life-threatening and can permanently alter respiratory system structures. The worsening of symptoms in CRDs is known as exacerbations. They are often worse at night time and early mornings causing sleep disruptions and consequently reducing the quality of life of those affected. The symptoms affect patients on a regular basis, and may become worse when performing various physical activities. Īsthma and COPD can usually be characterized by symptoms such as wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. As an illustration, in the UK they cost the National Health Service approximately 3 and 2 million GBP, for asthma and COPD, respectively. Furthermore, the economic impact of these respiratory diseases is also very high. COPD is also predicted to become the third leading cause of deaths worldwide by 2030, just behind ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The prevalence of COPD is even higher with more than 250 million cases reported annually, further resulting in over 3 million deaths globally. It is estimated that more than 235 million people suffer from asthma worldwide, with the disease causing in excess off 300,000 deaths per year. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ĭhronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs) affect over 15% of the world population. RXAP gratefully thanks the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) for its financial support for his study. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript.įunding: The research leading to these results has received funding from Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), UK / grant agreement no. Received: SeptemAccepted: FebruPublished: March 12, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Pramono et al. The study concludes with an analysis of the different trade-offs between accuracy, reliability, and computation requirements of the different features since these will be highly useful for researchers when designing algorithms for automatic wheeze identification.Ĭitation: Pramono RXA, Imtiaz SA, Rodriguez-Villegas E (2019) Evaluation of features for classification of wheezes and normal respiratory sounds. The best possible combination of two and three features for wheeze detection is also studied. Third MFCC coefficient achieved the highest AUC and average optimum F1 score at 0.8919 and 82.67% respectively, while the highest average optimum MCC was obtained by the first coefficient of a 6 th order LPC. Tonality index attained the highest effect size, at 87.95%, and was found to be the feature with the lowest p-value when ranksum significance test was performed. A linear classifier is used to determine the best features for classification by evaluating several performance metrics, including ranksum statistical test, area under the sensitivity-–specificity curve (AUC), F1 score, Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC), and relative computation time. This study evaluates the discriminatory ability of different types of feature used in previous related studies, with a total size of 105 individual features, for automatic identification of wheezing sound during breathing. Since wheezing can happen randomly without warning, a long-term monitoring system with automatic wheeze detection could be extremely helpful to manage these respiratory diseases. One key symptom that needs to be monitored is the occurrence of wheezing sounds during breathing since its early identification could prevent serious exacerbations. Although both Asthma and COPD are not curable, they can be managed by close monitoring of symptoms to prevent worsening of the condition. Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs), such as Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), are leading causes of deaths worldwide.
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